Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. This spatio-temporal trade-off in foraging efficiency constitutes a mechanism which can promote coexistence between these two diurnal rodents. The chipmunk was the more efficient forager in the mixed forest in both spring and summer. The red squirrel was more efficient than the chipmunk in the coniferous forest during the spring and had exclusive access to food during the winter when the chipmunk was in hibernation. In general, the chipmunk was more efficient (left lower GUDs) than the red squirrel. Trays were set in three habitats (coniferous, deciduous and mixed forest), separated by at least 300 m with 6 pairs of trays per habitat. GUDs were measured in 36 aluminum seed trays, each containing 20 g of sunflower seeds, mixed with 2.25 l of kiln dried sand. Each species' foraging efficiency was estimated, using GUDs (Giving-up-densities) from February to July 1995 at the Morgan Arboretum, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. The mechanisms are related to: 1) habitat 2) microhabitat 3) foraging and travel costs 4) seasonal variation in predation risk and 5) seasonal variation in thermoregulatory costs. These mechanisms, based on optimal foraging theory, depend on differences between the two species in habitat over space and time. This study tests five mechanisms for the coexistence of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus).
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